Saturday, August 29, 2015

Grammar: Week 1 -- The Sentence



WEEK 1

THE SENTENCE
A sentence is
a unit of words
simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex
made of a subject and a verb, and a complete thought
Subject
The simple subject is the singular noun or plural nouns that do the action of the verb.
The complete subject is the simple subject with any modifiers.
Verb
The simple verb may consist of one word or a group of words.  These are the action words of the sentence.
The complete subject is also called the predicate.  It contains modifiers, direct objects, and indirect objects.
Fragment
A fragment often looks like a sentence with a capital letter and an end punctuation.  However, it is missing a subject, a verb, or a complete thought.
The Run-on
A Run-on sentence is two or more sentences improperly joined by wrong puncutaion, no punctuation, or a conjunction that needs help from some kind of punctuation. 
Correcting a Run-on sentence
1.        Make two sentences.
2.        Join the two clauses by using a comma and a coordinating conjunction.
3.        Join the two clauses with a semicolon.
4.        Join the two clauses with a semicolon and a connector with a comma (but not a coordinating conjunction.
5.        Subordinate one of the clauses.






8 PARTS OF SPEECH
Verb
Verbs are commonly action words.  Verbs are in the following categories:
                Action, State of being, Linking, Groups of words
Verbs have voice
                Active:  the action of the verb is performed by the subject of the sentence.
                Passive:  the action of the verb is performed upon the subject of the sentence.
Agreement in number
                Singular subjects and singular verbs; plural subjects and plural verbs
All sentences have verbs
                Imperative sentences may appear to be missing the subject, but it is an understood “you.”
All verbs have four principal parts:
                1) present stem – e.g. look
                2) past tense – e.g. looked
                3) past participle – e.g. looked
                4) present participle – e.g. looking
Noun
Nouns are words, phrases or clauses that name a person, place, thing, idea, or quality.
Categories for nouns:  common, proper, compound, collective, as adverbs, concrete, abstract, countable, non-countable, verbal nouns (gerunds),
A noun can be used in a sentence as a: subject, direct object, indirect object, object of a preposition, predicate noun

Pronoun
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.  An antecedent is a word or group of words to which a pronoun refers.  If the antecedent is singular, the pronoun must be singular.  If the antecedent is plural, then the pronoun must be plural.
The various types of pronouns:  Personal (Subjective case, Objective case, Possessive case), Reflexive or intensive, Demonstrative, Relative, Interrogative, Extended, Indefinite

Adjective
An adjective is a word, phrase, or clause that modifies (changes, limits, describes, transforms, qualifies) a noun or pronoun.
Adjectives anwer the following questions:  Which one? What kind of? and How many?
Adjectives may be placed before the noun, after the noun, or after a state of being or linking verb.

Adverb
An adverb is a word, phrase, or clause that modifies (changes, limits, describes, transforms, qualifies) a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
Adverbs answer the following questions:  How? When? Where? To what extent? How much? How often?


Preposition
A preposition is a word that links a noun or pronoun with some other word (usually a noun or a verb).
A preposition always comes before the noun (object of the preposition)
Prepositional phrases can be adjectival or adverbial.


Conjunction
A conjunction is a word or words used to join other words, phrases, or clauses.
Coordinating conjunctions:  for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (“FANBOYS”)
Correlative conjunctions:  either … or; neither … nor; not only … but also; both … and; etc.
Adverbial conjunctions:  although, if, because, since (these join subordinate clauses)


Interjection
An interjection is a word or group of words expressing emotion or feeling.

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